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Dietary Recommendations for Children
--A Recipe for Future Heart Disease?
There are many recommendations about the amounts of fat and the different
types of fatty acids we should put into our diets. Who needs which fat(s)
and how much? Are men different from women in their requirements? Are
children different from adults in their requirements? What about the
tolerances for fat as opposed to the absolute requirements for fat?
What about the requirements for different fatty acids or different fatty
acid categories? How much fat do children need for growth and development?
How much of each of the different fatty acid classes do children need?
US Dietary Guidelines
Through the USDA food pyramid and official dietary guidelines, the
US government promotes a diet containing no more than 30 percent of
calories as fat, with no more than 10 percent of calories as saturated
fat. In a diet of 2400 calories, that translates into about 5 tablespoons
total fat from all sources—including the fat in meat, eggs, butter,
cheese, cooking fats and oils, baked goods and salad dressings—with
about 5 teaspoons of saturated fat. As butter, coconut oil and the fat
on meat contain well over half of their calories as saturated fat, this
means that these healthy foods must be severely restricted if one wants
to adhere to the dietary guidelines.
Government agencies developed these guidelines and promoted them as
a way to prevent heart disease in adults. Many scientists have shown
that the theory that restricting fats can prevent heart disease is completely
faulty. In any event, the guidelines were originally formulated as guidelines
for adults at risk for heart disease.
Since the early 1990s, the US Dietary Guidelines have promoted a lower
fat intake for children as well as for adults, as a way of protecting
them from heart disease later in life. The USDA has even gone so far
as to proudly acclaim that they have successfully developed lower fat
meals for school lunches. The American Pediatrics Association now recommends
that children age 2 or older be given reduced fat milk. How wise is
this approach to feeding children?
Growth
Pediatric clinicians noted a number of years ago that children who
were put onto lowfat and low-cholesterol diets failed to grow properly.
It seems that during the critical growing years, children need levels
of fat substantially in excess of the levels recommended in the US dietary
guidelines. After all, mother’s milk contains 55 percent of calories
as fat, much of it saturated fat. Children need high levels of fat throughout
the period of growth and development. Milk and animal fats give energy
and also help children build muscle and bone. In addition, the animal
fats provide vitamins A and D necessary for protein and mineral assimilation.
Protection Against Infection
Children have been shown to be more susceptible to infectious diseases
than most adults. In the past, the mortality in children was higher
than it is now. That was because we did not have the antibiotic treatments
that we now have. But infants who were fed human milk did not usually
succumb to the viral illnesses that they were exposed to because their
mothers were providing them with disease-fighting components in their
milk. Some of these disease-fighting components in the mother’s
milk were special fatty acids that the mammary gland made. These fatty
acids are called lauric acid and caproic acid. These disease-fighting
fatty acids can be part of older children’s diets if they consume
foods that contain coconut or coconut oil, palm kernel oil, or, to a
lesser extent, good quality cream and high fat milk. Unfortunately,
when parents adhere to the dietary guidelines, these components will
be absent in their children’s diets.
Heart Disease
There are two types of cholesterol. The High Density Lipid (HDL) is
said to be good, while the Low Density Lipid (LDL) cholesterol is said
to be bad. Actually the LDL cholesterol plays many important roles and
it is not bad—nor are high levels of LDL a marker for proneness
to heart disease. Normally our genes produce a form of LDL that is described
as "fluffy and light." When the LDL produced is "small and dense," this
is a cause for concern because this form of LDL cholesterol is not normal,
and is associated with increased proneness to heart disease.
What happens when children are put on lower fat diets? When researchers
prominently associated with the American Heart Association fed children
lower fat diets and measured some of the markers they consider important
predictors of heart disease, they learned that these lower fat diets
were causing the very problems they wanted to prevent. The children
whose genes would normally have been producing the desirable light and
fluffy form of LDL started to make the dangerous small and dense form
of LDL (Dreon, MD et al, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000
71:1611-1616). Thus the US dietary recommendations are likely to be
causing heart disease, not preventing it.
Which Are Good Fats and Oils for Children?
Good fats and oils can be an inherent part of the food children eat
such as the fat in meat and fish and fat in the vegetables, nuts, and
grains; or they can be added to foods through cooking and as dressings
and sauces. A spoonful of a particular fat or oil can be easily added
to soups, stews, mixed dishes or hot cereals.
Good fats are quality dairy fats from grass-fed cows, such as butter,
cream and whole milk. Good fats are natural fats from properly fed animals,
poultry, and fish. These animal fats supply true vitamin A, vitamin
D and the proper cholesterol needed for brain and vision development.
The animal fats also supply other fat soluble nutrients that support
the immune system such as glycosphingolipids. Fish oils such as cod
liver oil also supply important elongated omega-3 fatty acids as well
as vitamins A and D.
Good oils are those readily extracted from fruits such as olive oil,
palm oil, coconut oil, and they are traditionally unrefined. Good oils
are also those that are unrefined and extracted from many nuts and seeds.
Some of these oils are called omega-3 oils, some are called omega-6
oils, and some are called omega-9 oils. Oils with plenty of omega-3
include flaxseed oil and perilla oil; those with moderate amounts of
omega-3 fatty acids include unrefined canola, soybean, and walnut oils.
However, for various reasons, most canola and soybean oil should be
avoided. Many oils such as unrefined corn oil, safflower oil, and sunflower
oil do not have omega-3 but are typically high in omega-6 fatty acids
and they should be used only in very small amounts.
Foods should be chosen so that they supply a mixture of these different
fats and oils. No one fat or oil can properly suit all purposes, although
many of the good quality animal fats come close. Children need enough
of the stable saturated fats, they need enough of the monounsaturated
fats or oils, and they need an adequate amount and a proper balance
of the essential fatty acids, which come primarily from the omega-3
and omega-6 oils.
Other Dangers
One of the chief dangers of the US Dietary Guidelines is that they
encourage parents to use substitutes for natural saturated fats, such
as margarine and shortening. These manufactured fats are composed of
partially hydrogenated vegetables oils, high in trans fatty acids. These
are particularly dangerous for growing children as they can interfere
with growth and the development of the nervous system, and affect sexual
maturation and fertility. They can also cause cancer and heart disease.
JUST SAY NO!
When it comes to feeding their children, parents should "just say
no!" to the government’s dietary guidelines. Children need a diet
rich in traditional fats in order to achieve optimum growth and development,
as well as protection from heart disease later in life.
About the Author
Mary G. Enig, PhD, is the author of Know Your Fats, The Complete
Guide to Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol,
available from Bethesda Press (301) 680-8600. She has a private nutritional
consulting practice in Silver Spring, MD and can be contacted at marye@enig.com.
This article appeared in Wise Traditions
in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts,
the quarterly magazine of the Weston A. Price Foundation, Spring 2001.
Click
here to become a member of the Foundation and receive our quarterly
journal, full of informative articles as well as sources of healthy food.
Copyright Notice: The material
on this site is copyrighted by the Weston A. Price Foundation. Please contact
the Foundation for permission if you wish to use the material for any purpose.
Disclaimer: The information published herein is not intended
to be used as a substitute for appropriate care by a qualified health practitioner.
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This page was posted on 31 JUL 2001.
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